A loud cheer and sounds of clapping reverberated around Bansilalpet, a neighbourhood in Hyderabad, when the first trickle of clean water dribbled out of the ground. After an 18-month effort to clear out 3,000 tonnes of rubbish and restore the stone walls and adjacent area, the 17th-century Bansilalpet stepwell had become a source of clean drinking water for the first time in four decades.

“It was such a joyous moment to see water collecting into the stepwell after clearing 40 years of garbage,” says Hajira Adeeb, a 45-year-old resident of Bansilalpet, who grew up seeing the well become transformed from the community’s water source to a dumping ground. “I visit almost every day. The area is clean and lit up in the evenings. I enjoy sitting there.”

India is famed for its stepwells – multi-storey structures built to provide access to groundwater, with steps and platforms descending to the water level. Thousands were built across the country near natural aquifers – underground porous rock saturated with water – mostly between the 11th and 18th centuries.

The wells were abandoned under the rule of the British, who considered them unhygienic and largely prohibited their use, and deteriorated further in the late 20th century when people started to use them as a place to discard rubbish.

While many wells have disappeared or crumbled, the Stepwell Atlas, a collaborative effort between researchers and organisations including the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (Intach), lists more than 3,000. About 100 are in the southern Indian state of Telangana, with nearly half of these in the state’s capital, Hyderabad.

The well at Bansilalpet was the first of its kind in Telangana to do so and has become a template for the revival of other stepwells in the state. Since its restoration was completed in December 2022, the well has consistently maintained a water depth of nine metres (28ft) in the summer months.

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